Hm, I was intrigued and looked at the evolution of plants. This made me realize how paraphyletic gymnosperms and angiosperms really are! We just don’t know how angiosperms exactly started out and if they might be monophyletic. And in case of gymnosperms, they are consisting of many very different plant groups that evolved independently.

So gymnosperms were probably the first plants to evolve seeds and they “include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae”. That doesn’t really give an answer but that’s the best we can do?

It was previously widely accepted that the gymnosperms originated in the Late Carboniferous period, replacing the lycopsid rainforests of the tropical region, but more recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that they diverged from the ancestors of angiosperms during the Early Carboniferous.[12][13] The radiation of gymnosperms during the late Carboniferous appears to have resulted from a whole genome duplication event around 319 million years ago.[14] Early characteristics of seed plants are evident in fossil progymnosperms of the late Devonian period around 383 million years ago. It has been suggested that during the mid-Mesozoic era, pollination of some extinct groups of gymnosperms was by extinct species of scorpionflies that had specialized proboscis for feeding on pollination drops. The scorpionflies likely engaged in pollination mutualisms with gymnosperms, long before the similar and independent coevolution of nectar-feeding insects on angiosperms.[15][16] Evidence has also been found that mid-Mesozoic gymnosperms were pollinated by Kalligrammatid lacewings, a now-extinct family with members which (in an example of convergent evolution) resembled the modern butterflies that arose far later.

Wow, so there was already pollination going on before flowering plants even existed??? By scorpionflies who’s ancestors I frequently see? And there were butterfly-like insects long before real butterflies existed? Look how butterfly-like they were! This is wild!!

Isn’t evolution a constant process instead of happening in steps?

The answer to any question like that is: I have no idea, but we’ll try and find out tomorrow. And if we can’t, that’s okay.

I recently figured out that wheat/gluten FUBARs my health, so even just the concept of cereal grains has recently exploded in complexity in my head.

Before, I was eating:

• wheat (incl. durum, spelt, rye, and rarely barley, emmer)
• oats
• rice

Now I newly eat:

• buckwheat
• millet
• quinoa (in like three different colors)
• amaranth
• whole-grain rice is apparently pretty cool
• maize/corn (in the form of polenta and tortilla)

“Son, if you’re interested in biology, you’ll have to learn to understand that the definitions of terms are rather… loose.”

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species

The original comic was drawn by Chris Halberk, if I’m not mistaken.

Integumented indehiscent mega sporangium with one functional megaspore?

Once.

But once is all you need.

69, son. 69.

At least once

Ask your school teacher tomorrow.

Which came first, the plant or the seed?

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