What is the best way to back up as much as possible of Debian 12 on my laptop to a server that has SSH available? I am currently backing up my users /home/<homedir> folder, but I would like to be able to nuke and restore the system from a backup.
I have ventoy on an external drive if that helps any.
P.S. I would like to be able to do incremental backups too.
The standard answer: don’t backup the system, automate its deployment instead. Backup only data.
Even for a home system? Not a fleet of data center servers. I am currently using rsync to backup /home/<<user>>/ to the ssh server. I tend to make a lot of changes to the base Debian/KDE install.
Yeah, it’s worth it to just start fresh. Keep your user data, nuke the rest and setup from scratch w/automation if it’s extremely customized to your liking.
I personally try to use the default config as much as possible so there’s not as much to set up after installing from ISO.
There will always be gaps, but describing your machine through Ansible is worth it and can be fun if you’re into that sort of thing.
The first time I set up a freshly installed Debian laptop from my existing Ansible roles was a really enjoyable moment.
Being able to establish a familiar base on a fresh system at will is a far greater power than pure config/data backups.
You mentioned rsync, then take a look rsnapshot if you haven’t yet. It is based on rsync and doing incremental backup very well.
What kind of changes? Package installation, removal and configuration? Use
apt-mark showmanualto save list of manually installed packages,dpkg --get-selections | grep 'deinstall$'to save list of removed packages,debconf --get-selectionsto save debconf package settings, backup files that you edited in/etc. This should be enough for restoration, wouldn’t take a long time for backup and avoid risk of filesystem inconsistency.