I highly recommend reading about it from the official monero website https://www.getmonero.org/

Ghe mining algo is called randomx and its designed to work best on CPUs. The transaction amounts are secured with RingCT, the receiver is secured by stealth addresses, and the sender is secured by selecting 15 decoy transactions from others while the real output is the 16th.

Check out the library on getmonero.org for some books/papers about high level overviews, and perhaps the series “breaking monero” on youtube if you want a depper dive. The monero research lab on matrix would be a good place to ask technical questions if you have them.